男性に対する暴力

男性に対する暴力（Violence against men）は、男性または少年に対してだけ行われる暴力。男性は、暴力の犠牲者としても^[1]^[2]加害者としても大きな比率を占める^[3]^[4]。男性に対する性暴力は、ほとんどの社会で女性に対する暴力とは異なる扱いをされ、国際法によってほとんど認識されていない^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]。男性に対する暴力は、男性と女性の両方によって行われているが、男性の殺害の65.3%は男性によって行われている。

男性が暴力犯罪の犠牲者になるリスクは高い一方で、男性は女性ほど暴力犯罪を恐れていない^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]。これは矛盾して見える（パラドックス）ことから、この現象は「犯罪恐怖のジェンダーパラドックス」（fear of crime gender paradox）と呼ばれている^[11]^[17]^[10]^[18]。

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戦争や大量虐殺を含む構造的暴力の状況下では、しばしば男性と少年が標的とされ、殺害される^[19]。コソボ紛争中の男性を標的とした殺害の結果、全ての民間人死傷者の90%以上を男性が占めたことが示唆されている^[19]。

参考文献

^ Felson, Richard (2002). “Abstract”. Violence & gender reexamined. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781557988959
^ “What is gendercide?”. gendercide.org. Gendercide Watch. 2 March 2015閲覧。
^ Young, Cathy (June 25, 2014). “The surprising truth about women and violence”. TIME February 24, 2015閲覧。
^ Woolf, N. Quentin (9 April 2014). “Our attitude to violence against men is out of date”. The Telegraph 9 April 2014閲覧。
^ Lewis, Dustin (2009). “Unrecognized victims: sexual violence against men in conflict settings under international law”. Wisconsin International Law Journal (University of Wisconsin Law School) 27 (1): 1–49. SSRN 1404574. Pdf.
^ DelZotto, Augusta; Jones, Adam (March 2002). Male-on-male sexual violence in wartime: human rights' last taboo?. Paper presented to the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA). New Orleans, LA. pp. 23–27. 2015年3月2日閲覧。
^ United Nations Population Fund (2002). Impact of armed conflict on women and girls. p. 64
^ Stemple, Lara (February 2009). “Male rape and human rights”. Hastings Law Journal (Hastings College of the Law) 60 (3): 605–647. Pdf.
^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274988740_Unpacking_the_Relationship_Between_Gender_and_Fear_of_Crime_Explaining_Why_There_Are_Similarities_and_Differences
^ ^a ^b https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/britain/most-predators-lurk-in-plain-sight-not-at-dark-streets-corners-40221010.html
^ ^a ^b https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/myth-busting-the-true-picture-of-gendered-violence
^ https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2018/51/fewer-women-than-men-fall-victim-to-violence
^ https://nortonbooks.typepad.com/everydaysociology/2009/05/who-is-most-likely-to-be-a-crime-victim.html
^ https://www.smh.com.au/national/men-more-likely-to-be-attacked-by-strangers-than-women-20180703-p4zp5z.html
^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30483502_How_to_explain_gender_differences_in_fear_of_crime_Towards_an_evolutionary_approach
^ https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/why-arent-men-warned-about-violence-like-women-are/news-story/a806d6746d9c1dc9300f9ca2e4aa259c
^ https://www.spectroom.com/1023635421-fear-of-crime
^ https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/76e8f54a-7ee2-4a73-85af-3e5e9d1ee6c5/1/michelle_noon_thesis.pdf
^ ^a ^b Jones, Adam (June 2000). “Gendercide and genocide”. Journal of Genocide Research (Taylor and Francis) 2 (2): 185–211. doi:10.1080/713677599. View online.

[1] Felson, Richard (2002). “Abstract”. Violence & gender reexamined. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781557988959

[2] “What is gendercide?”. gendercide.org. Gendercide Watch. 2 March 2015閲覧。

[TimeHopeSolo-3] Young, Cathy (June 25, 2014). “The surprising truth about women and violence”. TIME February 24, 2015閲覧。

[4] Woolf, N. Quentin (9 April 2014). “Our attitude to violence against men is out of date”. The Telegraph 9 April 2014閲覧。

[5] Lewis, Dustin (2009). “Unrecognized victims: sexual violence against men in conflict settings under international law”. Wisconsin International Law Journal (University of Wisconsin Law School) 27 (1): 1–49. SSRN 1404574. Pdf.

[DelZottoJones001-6] DelZotto, Augusta; Jones, Adam (March 2002). Male-on-male sexual violence in wartime: human rights' last taboo?. Paper presented to the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA). New Orleans, LA. pp. 23–27. 2015年3月2日閲覧。

[80percentmalerape-7] United Nations Population Fund (2002). Impact of armed conflict on women and girls. p. 64

[Stemple1HR-8] Stemple, Lara (February 2009). “Male rape and human rights”. Hastings Law Journal (Hastings College of the Law) 60 (3): 605–647. Pdf.

[9] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274988740_Unpacking_the_Relationship_Between_Gender_and_Fear_of_Crime_Explaining_Why_There_Are_Similarities_and_Differences

[independent.ie-10] ttps://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/britain/most-predators-lurk-in-plain-sight-not-at-dark-streets-corners-40221010.html

[sbs.com.au-11] ttps://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/myth-busting-the-true-picture-of-gendered-violence

[12] ttps://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2018/51/fewer-women-than-men-fall-victim-to-violence

[13] ttps://nortonbooks.typepad.com/everydaysociology/2009/05/who-is-most-likely-to-be-a-crime-victim.html

[14] ttps://www.smh.com.au/national/men-more-likely-to-be-attacked-by-strangers-than-women-20180703-p4zp5z.html

[15] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/30483502_How_to_explain_gender_differences_in_fear_of_crime_Towards_an_evolutionary_approach

[16] ttps://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/why-arent-men-warned-about-violence-like-women-are/news-story/a806d6746d9c1dc9300f9ca2e4aa259c

[17] ttps://www.spectroom.com/1023635421-fear-of-crime

[18] ttps://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/76e8f54a-7ee2-4a73-85af-3e5e9d1ee6c5/1/michelle_noon_thesis.pdf

[Jones-19] Jones, Adam (June 2000). “Gendercide and genocide”. Journal of Genocide Research (Taylor and Francis) 2 (2): 185–211. doi:10.1080/713677599. View online.

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関連項目

参考文献