スウィンバーン島

ニューヨーク市内の位置

スウィンバーン島（Swinburne Island）は移民の検疫のためにスタテンアイランド、サウス・ビーチのロウアー・ニューヨーク湾の東に作られた2つの人工島のうちの小さい方の島。

歴史

19世紀の起きた数回のコレラ流行の後、連邦政府は船で到着し伝染病を患っている移民に対して隔離地域としての役割を果たすスウィンバーン島とホフマン島を建造した^[1]。スウィンバーン島は1873年に建造されたホフマン島と並び、20世紀初頭まで、ニューヨーク港に到着し危険な伝染病に罹患していることが判明したアメリカへの移民を検疫するために使われた。このような病気の疑いのある移民は検疫病院に連れていかれ、元気になるか病気が治癒するまでエリス島に入ることは許されなかった。この島は1910年から11年にアメリカで最後のコレラ発生のときに患者を検疫するために使われ、この発生はハンブルク・アメリカン線の船であるモルトケのナポリからの乗客から始まった^[2]^[3]。最初に建造されたホフマン島の約1マイル南に2番目に建設された。火葬場が島内にある。元々はディックス島（Dix Island）と呼ばれていたが、南北戦争中の軍医であるジョン・スウィンバーン博士（1820年 - 1899年）に敬意を表して改名された^[4]^[5]。

第一次世界大戦中は移民が減少した。その後アメリカでは1923年に移民法が成立し南東ヨーロッパからの移民を大幅に減らした。この時までに、市と州は感染症を制御する他の方法を習得したため、検疫施設はほとんど使われなかった。第二次世界大戦開戦までに、アメリカ商船隊は2つの島を訓練場とし、1938年に開いた^[6]。さらにクォンセット・ハットを建設し、これは現在でも残されている。2つの島（ホフマン11エーカー、スウィンバーン4エーカー）は現在ゲートウェイ国立レクリエーションエリアのスタテンアイランド・ユニットの一部として国立公園局により管理されている。

脚注

[脚注の使い方]

^ “Quarantine At New York”. Harper's Weekly. (September 6, 1879) 2008年7月28日閲覧. "April 23, 1863, what is now known as the General Quarantine Act was passed, defining the quarantine establishment, authorizing its construction, creating the permanent office of Quarantine Commissioner, defining the duties and powers of the Commissioners and Health Officer, and establishing a general system of quarantine for the port. Additional powers were conferred by amendments made to this general act in 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1867, under which two small steamers were purchased; the property at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, known as the Marine Hospital Grounds, was sold; and the artificial islands in the lower bay were undertaken and afterward completed — Swinburne Island in 1870, and Hoffman Island in 1873."
^ “More Cholera in Port”. Washington Post. (October 10, 1910) 2008年12月11日閲覧. "A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner 'Moltke,' which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the 'Moltke' is under treatment at Swinburne Island."
^ “Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms.” (PDF). New York Times. (July 18, 1911) 2008年7月28日閲覧. "The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at Swinburne Island. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old."
^ スウィンバーンは1820年5月30日に生まれ1889年4月4日に亡くなった。
^ Poole, M. O. (February 28, 1937). “Historic Islands At New York's Front Door.”. New York Times 2008年7月28日閲覧. "When the Federal Government recently offered to give Hoffman and Swinburne Islands to the City of New York not a few people asked where these islets might be found and for what purposes they had been used. Hoffman and Swinburne are man-made islands and they lie at the entrance of the Narrows, west of the main ship channel, a mile off the Staten Island shore. Hoffman Island, nine and three-tenths ... This was afterward changed to Swinburne in honor Of Dr. John Swinburne, ..."
^ Kenneth T. Jackson: The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 149.

外部リンク

Harbor Herons Project, NYC Audubon
- Harbor Herons Nesting Survey -recent reports on wading bird, cormorant, and gull nesting activity at Swinburne Island
A Satellite Photo of the two islands, Google Maps
THE FORGOTTEN OF ELLIS ISLAND: Deaths in Quarantine, 1909-1911 - http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~quarantine/

座標: 北緯40度33分56.3792秒西経74度3分0.5058秒 / 北緯40.565660889度西経74.050140500度 / 40.565660889; -74.050140500

[hw-1] “Quarantine At New York”. Harper's Weekly. (September 6, 1879) 2008年7月28日閲覧. "April 23, 1863, what is now known as the General Quarantine Act was passed, defining the quarantine establishment, authorizing its construction, creating the permanent office of Quarantine Commissioner, defining the duties and powers of the Commissioners and Health Officer, and establishing a general system of quarantine for the port. Additional powers were conferred by amendments made to this general act in 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1867, under which two small steamers were purchased; the property at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, known as the Marine Hospital Grounds, was sold; and the artificial islands in the lower bay were undertaken and afterward completed — Swinburne Island in 1870, and Hoffman Island in 1873."

[2] “More Cholera in Port”. Washington Post. (October 10, 1910) 2008年12月11日閲覧. "A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner 'Moltke,' which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the 'Moltke' is under treatment at Swinburne Island."

[3] “Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms.” (PDF). New York Times. (July 18, 1911) 2008年7月28日閲覧. "The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at Swinburne Island. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old."

[4] スウィンバーンは1820年5月30日に生まれ1889年4月4日に亡くなった。

[5] Poole, M. O. (February 28, 1937). “Historic Islands At New York's Front Door.”. New York Times 2008年7月28日閲覧. "When the Federal Government recently offered to give Hoffman and Swinburne Islands to the City of New York not a few people asked where these islets might be found and for what purposes they had been used. Hoffman and Swinburne are man-made islands and they lie at the entrance of the Narrows, west of the main ship channel, a mile off the Staten Island shore. Hoffman Island, nine and three-tenths ... This was afterward changed to Swinburne in honor Of Dr. John Swinburne, ..."

[Citycyclopedia-6] Kenneth T. Jackson: The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 149.

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